World Housing Encyclopedia
an EERI and IAEE project

GEM Taxonomy Evaluation

In 2013, the WHE collaborated with the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) to engage EERI members in testing and evaluating the robustness and applicability of the GEM Building Taxonomy on a global scale. As part of the project, WHE received 217 reports from 49 countries. These reports were critical for assessing the viability of GEM Building Taxonomy on the global scale. The taxonomy development team used recommendations made by the contributors to finalize a comprehensive, global building taxonomy that is being used to further the science of seismic risk reduction through the GEM initiative.

More Information about the GEM Taxonomy:

ContinentCountryBuildilng DescriptionConstruction MaterialContributorReport
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanEye HospitalMasonry, unreinforcedAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanOBG Ward 2Masonry, unreinforcedAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanStock RoomMasonry, unreinforcedAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanFaizabad Hospital (Guard Room)WoodAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanHospital LaboratoryMasonry, unreinforcedAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanKitchen and PantryMasonry, unknown reinforcementAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanLaundry-fuel StorageMasonry, unreinforcedAmit Kumar
Asia & Middle EastAfghanistanFaizabad Hospital (Main Building)Masonry, unreinforcedAmit Kumar
AfricaAlgeriaMédéaMasonry, confinedSaliha Aitmesbah
AfricaAlgeriaTunnel Form Residential BuildingConcrete, reinforcedMohammed Farsi
AfricaAlgeriaMixed-SystemConcrete, reinforcedMohammed Farsi
South AmericaArgentinaRC Building in MendozaConcrete, reinforcedFrancisco Crisafulli
North & Central AmericaBarbadosSingle-Story RC Masonry BuildingMasonry, reinforcedGreg Parris
Asia & Middle EastBhutan3-Story Rammed Earth BuildingEarth, unreinforcedDago Zangmo
South AmericaBrazilCircata SystemSteelWallace Novaes
EuropeBulgariaPrecast RC Residential BuildingsConcrete, reinforcedManya Deyanova
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaMasonry with seismic provisions (e.g. seismic belts)Masonry, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with monolithic reinforced concrete wallsConcrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaPrecast concrete flat slab buildings (consisting of columns and slabs) – Seria KUBConcrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with adobe or earthen wallsMasonry, unreinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with monolithic concrete frames and brick infill wallsConcrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with monolithic concrete moment framesConcrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with monolithic concrete frame and shear walls (dual system)Concrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaUnreinforced masonry -buildings with walls of brick masonry, stone, or blocks in cement or mixed mortar (no seismic design) – wooden floorsMasonry, unreinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaPrecast concrete large panel buildings with monolithic panel joints – Seria 105Concrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaUnreinforced masonry – buildings with walls of brick masonry, stone, or blocks in cement or mixed mortar (no seismic design) – precast concrete floorsMasonry, unreinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with load-bearing braced wooden framesWoodEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaPrefabricated RC frame with linear elements with welded joints in the zone of maximum loads or with rigid walls in one direction – Seria 111, IIS-04Concrete, reinforcedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaConfined masonryMasonry, confinedEMCA Working Group
Asia & Middle EastCentral AsiaBuildings with load-bearing braced wooden framesWoodEMCA Working Group
South AmericaChileBraced Wooden Frame Infilled with Adobe UnitsMasonry, reinforcedMaximiliano Astroza and Ofelia Moroni
South AmericaChileConcepcionConcrete, reinforcedGian Carlo Giuliano
South AmericaChileConfined Masonry BuildingMasonry, confinedOfelia Moroni
Asia & Middle EastChinaHong Kong Typical Residential BuildingConcrete, reinforcedGrace Fok
Asia & Middle EastChinaThe Complex Building of the Yingxiu Secondary School in Yingxiu TownConcrete, reinforcedSun Baitao
South AmericaColombiaTendinous WallsConcrete, composite with steel sectionSeku Catacoli
AfricaEthiopiaCollege/University BuildingConcrete, unknown reinforcementBezabeh
EuropeGermanyPrefabricated Metal Construction of the Modern MovementSteelMaria Bostenaru
EuropeGermanySmolka WoodframeWoodAnselm Smolka
AfricaGhanaTypical Reinforced Concrete BuildingsConcrete, reinforcedCarlien Bou-Chedid
EuropeGreeceRC Dual Frame-Shear Wall SystemConcrete, reinforcedAntonios Pomonis
EuropeGreeceHouse in AthensConcrete, reinforcedKostas Holevas
North & Central AmericaHaitiHaiti Apartment BuildingConcrete, reinforcedTim Hart
North & Central AmericaHaitiCollege d’Education Moderne – Elementary SchoolMasonry, confinedAbe Lynn
EuropeHungarySwabian HouseMasonry, unreinforcedMaria Bostenaru
Asia & Middle EastIndiaKolkata ResidentialConcrete, unknown reinforcementTanmay Dey
Asia & Middle EastIndiamanoharConcrete, reinforcedbs
Asia & Middle EastIndiaOpen Ground Storey RC Frame BuildingConcrete, reinforcedHemant B. Kaushik
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaRumah TembokMasonry, confinedJitendra Bothara
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaSingle Storey Timber HousingWoodSugeng Wijanto
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaTypical Residential BuildingMasonry, confinedTim Hart
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaThe City Council BuildingConcrete, reinforcedSugeng Wijanto
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaStrata Title Office BuildingConcrete, reinforcedSugeng Wijanto
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaThe Modest House Type 21-72Masonry, confinedSugeng Wijanto and Hendri Muljanto
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaLog HouseWoodJitendra Bothara
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaPrecast Concrete System of Low Cost Residential BuildingConcrete, reinforcedSugeng Wijanto
Asia & Middle EastIndonesiaTraditional Building in Jalan PondockMasonry, unreinforcedSimon Simpson
Asia & Middle EastIranConfined MasonryMasonry, confinedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranCement Block Walls with Inclined RoofMasonry, unreinforcedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranAdobe Curved RoofEarth, unreinforcedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranMasonry with Arched RoofMasonry, unreinforcedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranGeneral ConstructionConcrete, composite with steel sectionFarhad Homayoun Shad
Asia & Middle EastIranMasonry with Wooden Flat RoofMasonry, unreinforcedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranStone Walls with Wooden Flat RoofOtherM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranWooden Walls with Inclined RoofWoodM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranMasonry Jack-Arch RoofMasonry, unreinforcedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
Asia & Middle EastIranAdobe Wooden Flat RoofEarth, unreinforcedM. Yekrangnia and A.S. Moghadam
EuropeIrelandDublin City Centre BuildingMasonry, unreinforcedJulie Clarke
EuropeItalyRC Typical Italian BuildingConcrete, reinforcedGianalberto Vecchi
EuropeItalyResidential BuildingConcrete, reinforcedGiuseppe Barberio
EuropeItalyPrecast ParkingConcrete, reinforcedPrevosti
North & Central AmericaJamaicaTypical 3-Bedroom Residential Building in SuburbsMasonry, reinforcedAlfrico Adams
Asia & Middle EastJapanUniversity Administration BuildingConcrete, reinforcedCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical Modern Japanese Urban Single Family DwellingsWoodCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTraditional 3-Story Japanese PagodaWoodCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanMetal Frame BuildingSteelCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical Traditional Japan Urban Single Family Row HouseWoodCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical 1960’s Japanese RC Frame University Building.Concrete, reinforcedCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical 1960’s RC Shear Wall University BuildingConcrete, reinforcedCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical Traditional Large Wood Japanese Buddhist TempleWoodCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanModern Office Building with Ground Floor OpeningUnknownCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical Modern Japanese Low-rise RC Apartment (“Mansion”) BuildingConcrete, reinforcedCharles Scawthorn
Asia & Middle EastJapanTypical Traditional Japanese Storehouse (“Kura”)Earth, reinforcedCharles Scawthorn
AfricaKenyaMud Wall with Bamboo ReinforcementEarth, reinforcedKishor Jaiswal
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanBuildings with load-bearing braced wooden framesWoodInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanBuildings with adobe or earthen wallsEarth, unreinforcedInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanTypical Residential buildingConcrete, reinforcedInTUIT-TEAM
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanUnreinforced masonry – buildings with walls of brick masonry, stone, or blocks in cement or mixed mortar (no seismic design) – precast concrete floorsUnknown MaterialInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanBuildings with monolithic concrete frame and shear walls (dual system)Concrete, reinforcedInTUIT-TEAM
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanMasonry with seismic provisions (e.g. seismic belts)Concrete, reinforcedInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanBuildings with monolithic reinforced concrete wallsConcrete, reinforcedInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanPrecast concrete large panel buildings with panel connections achieved by welding of embedment plates – Seria 464Unknown MaterialInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanSteel buildingsSteelInTUIT
Asia & Middle EastKyrgyzstanPrecast concrete large panel buildings with monolithic panel joints – Seria 105Unknown MaterialInTUIT
AfricaMalawiAdobe Single Residential HouseMasonry, unreinforcedMauro Sassu
North & Central AmericaMexicoTypical Residential BuildingMasonry, confinedRene Martinez-Leon
North & Central AmericaMexicoCohoapa, México typical earth dwelllingEarth, unreinforcedRoberto Arroyo Matus
Asia & Middle EastNepalPillar Wala Ghar (RC Frame with Masonry Infill)Concrete, reinforcedJitendra Bothara
Asia & Middle EastNepalGeneral ConstructionConcrete, reinforcedHemchandra Chaulagain
Asia & Middle EastNepalReinforced Concrete BuildingsConcrete, reinforcedPrachand Man Pradhan
OceaniaNew ZealandWood HouseWoodJitendra Bothara
OceaniaNew ZealandOamaru Limestone BuildingMasonry, unreinforcedJitendra Bothara
Asia & Middle EastPakistanModern Multi-Storey Apartment BuildingConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTypical House in Low-Income Residential ColonyMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanConsiderable Sized Community MosqueConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTesting Attributes for a Building Located in KarachiConcrete, reinforcedNajia Siddiqui
Asia & Middle EastPakistanModern Construction in Hunza ValleyConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanVernacular Construction (A Potter’s Workshop and Storage Area)Masonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanBritish Era Naval Officers Rest House at Manora IslandMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanModern Multi-Storey Apartment Building, Askari Park HyderabadConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanGeneral ConstructionConcrete, reinforcedRaja Saeed
Asia & Middle EastPakistanSmall House in Rural SindhMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanCommon Roadside Tea ShackWoodNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanVernacular Construction in Hunza ValleyMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanLarge Government Godown for Storing WheatConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanA Building Typical of Gulshan Town, KarachiConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTypical House in Low-Middle Income Residential AreaMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanVernacular ConstructionMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTypical House in Middle Income Residential AreaMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTypical Construction in Low Income Residential AreaMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanConstruction in a dense area of Mingora town, PakistanMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanBatarMasonry, reinforcedJitendra Bothara
Asia & Middle EastPakistanModern Construction in Hunza ValleyMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanHillside Brick HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanAdobe House in YarikMasonry, unknown reinforcementNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanGrass/Thatch House 02Other materialNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanConfined Masonry Under Construction HouseMasonry, confinedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanRCC House in GilgitConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional Building StyleMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanAdobe HouseMasonry, unknown reinforcementNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanAdobe House 02Masonry, unknown reinforcementNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanContemporary HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional Building StyleMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanAdobe House 03Masonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanAdobe House in YarikMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanGomal UniversityMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional HouseMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional HouseMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional Building StyleMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanHouse along a drainage creekMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanLoad Bearing Brick GodownsMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanContemporary HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanHouse along a drainage creekMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanTraditional HouseMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanRCC House in GilgitConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanRCC House in GilgitConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanContemporary HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanContemporary HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanAdobe HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanGrass/Thatch HouseOther materialNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanHouse along a drainage creekMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanRCC House in GilgitConcrete, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanHouse along a drainage creekMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanHouse along a drainage creekMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanContemporary HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanCluster housing – brickMasonry, reinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanStone House in GilgitMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
Asia & Middle EastPakistanBrick HouseMasonry, unreinforcedNED University
South AmericaPeruAdobe House in NazcaEarth, unreinforcedNicola Tarque
South AmericaPeruConfined Masonry BuildingMasonry, confinedNicola Tarque
EuropePortugalUnreinforced Masonry ‘Gaioleiro’ Buildings from LisbonMasonry, unreinforcedAna Simões, Rita Bento, Carlos Sousa Oliveira
EuropePortugal‘Rabo de Bacalhau’ Buildings from LisbonMasonry, unreinforcedMauro Monteiro, Ana Simões, Rita Bento, Carlos Sousa Oliveira
EuropePortugalMasonry Buildings with Reinforced Concrete Slabs (‘Placa’ Buildings) from LisbonMasonry, unreinforcedAna Simões, Mauro Monteiro, Rita Bento, Carlos Sousa Oliveira
EuropePortugalHistorical Masonry Buildings in Portuguese City CentresMasonry, unreinforcedFerreita, T.M.; Vicente, R.; Mendes da Silva, J.A.R.; Varum, H.
EuropePortugalReinforced Concrete Building 2Concrete, reinforcedMário Marques
EuropePortugalConcrete Portuguese Building 1Concrete, reinforcedMário Marques
EuropeRomaniaTimber Shop Building in the Courtyard of the FacultyConcrete, reinforcedDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaStructural Elements Laboratory, National Institute of Research in Construction: INCERCConcrete, reinforcedDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaRC Infilled Frame Building Housing Two Departments of the Civil Engineering FacultyConcrete, reinforcedDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaFaculty of Civil Engineering, Politehnica Univ. of TimisoaraConcrete, reinforcedDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaReinforced Concrete Structures LaboratoryConcrete, reinforcedDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaRaport cladire P+3EConcrete, unknown reinforcementVoinescu Mihai-Gabriel
EuropeRomaniaNewly Built Cast-in-Place Concrete Residential BuildingConcrete, composite with steel sectionDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaEducational BuildingConcrete, composite with steel sectionDemeter Istvan
EuropeRomaniaEarly RC Frame Condominium Building with Masonry Infill Walls Designed for Gravity Loads OnlyConcrete, reinforcedMaria Bostenaru
EuropeRomaniaPrecast concrete panel apartment buildingsConcrete, reinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaReinforced concrete frame structure with diagonal bracing and brick infill wallsConcrete, reinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaReinforced concrete cast-in situ shear wall buildings (with “fagure” plan)Concrete, reinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaA single-family, two-storey house with brick walls and timber floorsMasonry, unreinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaMedium/high rise moment resisting reinforced concrete frame buildingConcrete, reinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaOne family one storey house, also called “wagon house”Masonry, unreinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaReinforced concrete cast-in situ shear wall buildings (with “fagure” plan and “bulbs”)Concrete, reinforcedMaria BOSTENARU DAN
EuropeRomaniaMultistorey masonry buildingMasonry, unknown reinforcementMaria BOSTENARU DAN
Asia & Middle EastSaudi Arabia4-Story University BuildingConcrete, reinforcedAli Altheeb
Asia & Middle EastSingaporeSemi-Detached Residential DwellingMasonry, confinedSimon Simpson
EuropeSloveniaPrecast RC Shear Wall Residential BuildingConcrete, reinforcedMarjana Lutman
EuropeSloveniaMasonry Residential BuildingMasonry, unreinforcedMarjana Lutman
AfricaSouth AfricaTypical Residential BuildingMasonry, unreinforcedChristopher Roth
EuropeSpainBuilding Masonry Transition to RCMasonry, unreinforcedMercedes Feriche, Federico Salmerón
EuropeSpainTypical Residential Building before Seismic Design CodesConcrete, reinforcedMercedes Feriche
EuropeSpainTypical old residential bulidingMasonry, unreinforcedMercedes Feriche
EuropeSpainTypical Residential and Commercial Building with Seismic Design CodeSteelMercedes Feriche
EuropeSpainMasonry Building RetrofitMasonry, reinforcedMercedes Feriche, Elisa Entrena
EuropeSwitzerlandTraditional 3-Storey Stone House with Stone RoofMasonry, unreinforcedTom Schacher
EuropeSwitzerlandHalf-timbered house in the “Border triangle” (France, Switzerland, Germany)WoodMaria Bostenaru
Asia & Middle EastTajikistanTypical Residential BuildingMasonry, confinedPulat Yasunov
Asia & Middle EastTajikistanMulti family ResidenceMasonry, unreinforcedJafar Niyazov
Asia & Middle EastThailandSingle-Family Residential ConstructionConcrete, reinforcedChitr Lilavivat
North & Central AmericaTrinidad & TobagoTypical Low Cost HouseConcrete, unknown reinforcementAnthony Farrell
Asia & Middle EastTurkmanistanPrecast concrete large panel buildings with monolithic panel jointsPrecast ConcreteNodir Utashev (Sadiy, Bayramov)
AfricaUgandaGeneral ConstructionMasonry, confinedEric Lehmkuhl
EuropeUnited Kingdom1 Pancras Square (Office Building)Concrete, reinforcedAndre Gibbs
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaBuilding at Univeristy of IdahoConcrete, reinforcedRichard Nielsen
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaCal Poly QuadPlexWoodMichael Germeraad
North & Central AmericaUnited States of America701 Welch Road, Palo Alto CASteelLauren Doyel, PE, GE
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaResidence, SeattleWoodKyle Steuck
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaWWII Quansit HutsMetal (except steel)David Merrick
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaReinforced concrete building Downtowner Hotel, SeattleConcrete, reinforcedSvetlana Brzev
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaSingle Family Residence circa 1950WoodSandra Hyde
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaCommercial/Industrial BuildingSteelScott Tinker
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaURM Building Retrofitted after the 2001 Nisqually EQ SeattleMasonry, unreinforcedSvetlana Brzev
North & Central AmericaUnited States of AmericaFountains Business Park, Bldg. 3, 42550 Albrae St., Fremont, CAConcrete, reinforcedJeff Falero
Asia & Middle EastUzbekistanPrecast concrete large panel buildings with monolithic panel jointsPrecast ConcreteNodir Utashev (Sadiy, Bayramov)
South AmericaVenezuelaTypical Residential BuildingConcrete, reinforcedJuan Carlos Vielma Pérez