Report # 27 : Confined brick masonry building with concrete tie columns and beams
by Behrokh H. Hashemi, Faramarz Alemi, Mohsen G. Ashtiany This is a typical confined brick masonry housing construction common in rural areas of Iran. This building type is often used as a single-family house. Brick masonry shear walls confined with concrete tie columns and beams provide earthquake resistance in both directions. This building type is […]
Report # 26 : Semi-rigid steel frame with “Khorjinee” connections
by Behrokh H. Hashemi, Mohsen G. Ashtiany This housing type is commonly used for low-rise building construction in Iran, mainly for family apartment buildings. This structure is characterized with a special type of semi-rigid beam-to-column connection called “Khorjinee connection.” This connection consists of a pair of continuous beams spanning over several columns and connected to […]
Report # 25 : Steel frame with semi-rigid “Khorjini” connections and jack arch roof “Taagh-e-Zarbi”.
by Arzhang Alimoradi This is a common type of urban/rural construction in many parts of Iran. It is widely used in the cities as a popular structural system for low-rise residential buildings because of the ease of construction and of erecting the frame. Buildings of this type are up to 5 stories high, with a […]
Report # 24 : Unreinforced clay brick masonry house
by Sugeng Wijanto Unreinforced clay brick masonry (UCB) housing construction is still often found in rural areas of Indonesia. This is a single-story building and the main load-bearing structure in these buildings consists of brick masonry walls built in cement mortar and a timber roof structure. This is non-engineered construction built following the traditional construction […]
Report # 23 : Rural mud house with pitched roof
by Amit Kumar This is a typical rural construction found throughout India, except in the high rainfall areas in the northeastern part of the country. It is a single-family house, mainly occupied by the poorer segment of the population. The main load-bearing system consists of mud walls, which carry the roof load. In some cases […]
Report # 22 : Unreinforced brick masonry walls with pitched clay tile roof
by Amit Kumar This is a traditional construction practice followed in India for centuries. Buildings of this construction type are used for residential, commercial, and public purposes throughout India, especially in the northern and central parts, where good quality soil for brick production is widely available. This is a single-story construction used both in rural […]
Report # 21 : Unreinforced brick masonry building with reinforced concrete roof slab
by Ravi Sinha, Svetlana N. Brzev Typical rural and urban construction in western and southern India. This construction is widely prevalent among the middle-class population in urban areas and has become popular in rural areas in the last 30 years. Brick masonry walls in cement mortar function as the main load-bearing element. The roof structure […]
Report # 20 : Unreinforced brick masonry walls in mud mortar with flat timber roof
by Amir Ali Khan, Khalid Moin This is a traditional construction practice prevalent both in the urban and rural areas of northern India, particularly in the western part of the Uttar Pardesh state. According to the 1991 Indian census, this construction constitutes about 17% of the total national housing stock and about 31% of the […]
Report # 19 : Reinforced concrete frame building with masonry infill walls designed for gravity loads
by Kishor S. Jaiswal, Ravi Sinha, Alok Goyal The construction of reinforced concrete buildings with brick masonry infill walls has been a very common practice in urban India for the last 25 years. Most of this construction has been designed for gravity loads only, in violation of the Code of Indian Standards for earthquake-resistant design. […]
Report # 18 : Rubble stone masonry walls with timber frame and timber roof
by Svetlana N. Brzev, Marjorie Greene, Ravi Sinha This typical rural construction in central, southern, and northern India houses millions of people. It is cheap to construct using field stones and boulders, but extremely vulnerable in earthquakes because of its heavy roofs and poorly constructed walls. The load-bearing structure is a traditional timber frame system, […]