Reminder about EERI’s New E-Affiliate Program for Developing Countries: Join EERI for $25

As recent earthquakes tragically illustrate, many of the more difficult issues facing earthquake professionals are particularly challenging for those in developing countries. While over 20 percent of EERI’s membership is located outside the United States, EERI aims to increase this percentage, particularly with colleagues in developing countries. Many developing countries face a serious risk from earthquakes and some EERI projects, carried out in conjunction with local partners, address this risk in particular. Our WHE project is a prime example of such a project. EERI believes that many colleagues in developing countries would benefit from EERI membership, but the current membership fee of $250 (or $166 for members in developing countries who receive printed copies of EERI materials) is prohibitively high for many. To that end, EERI has developed the new category of e-affiliate membership.   It is an electronic membership that is available to new members in developing countries only. The dues for this category are $25 per year. Benefits of this membership include:

  • Online access to the EERI Newsletter
  • Listing in the EERI membership directory
  • A pdf file of an abridged directory or roster, listing EERI members by state, country and discipline. Full contact details can then be obtained through the EERI members-only website
  • Electronic access to earthquake reconnaissance reports
  • Electronic access to up to 2 papers per issue of the quarterly journalEarthquake Spectra
  • Member rates for all conferences and meetings
  • A certificate of EERI membership delivered by email

This category of membership does not include voting rights. To access an application form for e-affiliate membership, visit: 

http://www.eeri.org/member-center/get-involved/become-a-member/.

Stone Masonry Tutorial

A new tutorial on stone masonry construction has been released and is available on the WHE website for download. Authors Jitendra Bothara and Svetlana Brzev have been working for several years on this document which covers seismic deficiencies and damage patterns, techniques for stone masonry construction to improve earthquake performance and stone masonry retrofit. The document can be downloaded here:

Framed Infill Network

Non-ductile concrete frames with unreinforced masonry walls added as infill after the frame has been built are one of the world’s most common, and most vulnerable, building types, as WHE participants are well aware. Despite often-poor seismic performance, infill buildings’ low construction costs mean that these buildings will continue to be built for the foreseeable future.In an effort to find new low-cost practical ways to improve the seismic safety of these buildings,GeoHazards International has received a small grant from EERI to begin work on a new initiative–the Framed Infill Network. This network will connect building professionals interested in developing new approaches that make intentional, beneficial use of infill walls by designing them as integral components of the concrete frame to create so-called “framed infill” systems. The network’s activities, which include developing draft engineering design guidelines for new buildings, a literature survey, and research needs summary, complement the ongoing efforts of several other WHE initiatives, including the Confined Masonry Network. If you or your colleagues are interested in participating in Framed Infill Network activities or in simply staying informed about the network, please contact Janise Rodgers of GeoHazards International (rodgers@geohaz.org).

New Tutorials section of website

Along with the new and revised tutorials, the tutorial section of the WHE website has been completely redesigned by current EERI summer interns Chiara McKenney and Michael Germeraad. The re-design has separate pages for each construction technology, along with a listing of the WHE reports on those technologies. The new site is much more visual. Check it out!

Tutorials

Revised Adobe Tutorial

A revised and improved version of the adobe tutorial is also now available for download at this page:

https://www.world-housing.net/tutorials/adobe/tutorials

In addition to the revised adobe tutorial in English there are also several additional tutorials endorsed by the WHE on strengthening adobe with geomesh, available in English and Spanish, including a trainers’ guide on using geomesh reinforcement, available in Spanish. These are available on the same adobe tutorials page link.

There are also a number of videos on reinforcing adobe available at this page:

https://www.world-housing.net/tutorials/adobe/introduction
(scroll down to see them)

This brings to 4 the number of tutorials that have been developed by WHE volunteers. Work is underway on a 5th tutorial on straw bale construction by EERI members Dmitry Ozeryansky and Martin Hammer. WHE editorial board member Jorge Gutierrez is translating the RC frame tutorial into Spanish and expects it will be available sometime in the fall.

Report # 11 : Gravity Concrete Frame Buildings (Predating Seismic Codes)

by Luis G. Mejia

This is typical multi-family housing construction found in urban areas of Colombia that predates seismic codes. This housing type is widely used and represents 60% of the existing housing stock. At the present time, poor people occupy buildings of this type. This construction is rather vulnerable to seismic effects due to a limited amount of transverse reinforcement (ties); this is especially true for columns. This structural system is very flexible when subjected to lateral seismic loads. The quality of materials and workmanship is typically rather poor. In many cases, buildings of this type are constructed on a very steep terrain; soil condition is often rather poor.

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Report # 10 : Non-engineered Unreinforced Brick Masonry Building

by Luis G. Mejia

This type of housing is typically constructed in urban and rural areas in the interior of Colombia. This type of construction is especially widespread in the following provinces of the Andean region of Colombia: Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindio, Tolima and Valle, where it constitutes approximately 60% of the housing stock. It is used exclusively as residential housing. This construction is very vulnerable to earthquake effects due to its brittle behavior. It has demonstrated poor seismic performance in several Colombian earthquakes.

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Report # 9 : Multistory base-isolated brick masonry building with reinforced concrete floors and roof

by Fu L. Zhou, Zhong G. Xu, Wen G. Liu

This is typically a 5- to 8-story building with commercial enterprises on the ground floor and residences above. Brick masonry buildings have been used in China for thousands of years. This construction practice possesses the advantage of easy manufacture and low cost; however, the brittleness of the brick masonry material combined with weak seismic resistance induces severe damage or collapse of buildings and causes thousands of deaths during an earthquake. Since 1990, base-isolated brick masonry buildings with reinforced concrete floors/roof have been used more widely in China. The base-isolated building consists of an isolation system (laminated rubber isolation devices) superstructure and substructure. The base-isolation system is located on top of the walls or columns in the basement or at the ground floor level of a building without a basement. The superstructure consists of conventional multi-story brick masonry walls and reinforced concrete floors/roof. The substructure is part of the building beneath the isolation system and consists of the basement and the foundation structure. The base-isolated masonry structure results in an increase in seismic safety by a factor of 4-12 times as compared to that of a non-isolation masonry structure. The high seismic resistance of the base isolation structure house has been proven by shake table tests and in many actual earthquake events in China and other countries. The wide usage of base isolation technology indicates that the era of strong earthquake-proof buildings is coming in China.

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Report # 8 : Buildings with hybrid masonry walls

by Ofelia Moroni, Cristian Gomez, Maximiliano Astroza

This housing type represents a common multi-family urban construction in Chile. Practice of this construction “mainly used for dwellings and for up to 4-story apartment buildings” began in the 1980s. The main load-bearing system consists of masonry walls in the transverse direction and reinforced concrete walls in the longitudinal direction. In some cases, longitudinal walls are of reinforced masonry construction (instead of concrete construction). Masonry walls in the transverse direction are usually confined with concrete posts at the ends (such as is found in confined masonry construction). Buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. The seismic design code does not address this building type. However, the Chilean Ministry of Housing has issued specifications for 1- and 2-story dwellings, which have mainly been followed in the design (even in taller buildings of this type). Performance in the 1985 Llolleo earthquake was rather poor, with most buildings experiencing structural damage.

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Report # 7 : Confined block masonry building

by Ofelia Moroni, Cristian Gomez, Maximiliano Astroza

This construction practice started during the 1940s after the 1939 earthquake that struck the mid-southern region of Chile. It is mainly used for dwellings and apartment buildings up to four stories high. Buildings of this type are found in all regions of Chile. This is a confined masonry construction, consisting of load-bearing unreinforced masonry walls (commonly made of clay units or concrete blocks) confined with cast-in-place reinforced-concrete, vertical tie-columns. these tie-columns are built at regular intervals and are connected with reinforced concrete tie- beams cast after the masonry walls have been constructed. Tie-columns and tie-beams prevent damage due to out-of-plane bending effects and improve wall ductility. Floor systems generally consist of cast-in-place reinforced slabs with a thickness between 100 to 120 mm. Confined masonry walls have limited shear strength and ductility compared to reinforced concrete walls. Nevertheless, typical buildings of this type have good earthquake resistance, because they have high wall densities and because wall layouts are symmetric and regular, both in plan and elevation. Their seismic behavior has been satisfactory, particularly in one- or two-story-high buildings during strong earthquakes [Monge, 1969].

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